As the energy sector moves toward decarbonization to mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Power-to-Fuel (P2F) technologies are emerging as a key solution for integrating renewable energy into various industrial and transportation sectors. These systems enable the conversion of surplus electricity (particularly from intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar) into synthetic fuels, providing a flexible and sustainable energy storage solution. Among the various P2F options, hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and synthetic hydrocarbons are gaining attention as viable alternatives to fossil fuels, offering carbon-neutral or even carbon-negative pathways for energy utilization. In this context, this study explores three different P2F systems (Power-to-Ammonia, Power-to-Methanol, and Power-to-Hydro Methane). The analysis is conducted using MATLAB/Simulink models, performing a parametric study that varies the size of the RES. All systems are compared in terms of efficiency, production, and consumption. Results show that the Power-to Ammonia (P2A) system achieves the highest annual output (around 750 tons) under large PV and battery capacities but also records the highest energy consumption and lowest efficiency (45.5%) due to its elevated operating temperature (643 K). The Power-to-Methanol (P2M) configuration reaches a comparable production level of 720 tons per year with lower synthesis energy use (440 MWh/year) and the highest efficiency among the three (47.7%), thanks to milder operating conditions. The Power-to-Hydro Methane (P2HM) system yields the lowest output at 265 tons per year but benefits from the lowest temperature and pressure (523 K, 30 bar), resulting in the least energy-intensive synthesis process and an efficiency of about 45.7%.
